Coloboma

A coloboma is a congenital defect that results in a gap or hole in one of the structures of the eye, such as the iris, retina, or optic nerve. It occurs when parts of the eye do not develop fully during fetal growth, often resulting in a keyhole-shaped pupil if the iris is affected. The severity of coloboma varies depending on the size and location of the gap, and it can affect vision to varying degrees.

• Causes: Coloboma is typically a genetic condition, though it can occur spontaneously during fetal development. It is often associated with other developmental disorders, such as CHARGE syndrome. Environmental factors and maternal infections during pregnancy may also increase the risk.
• Symptoms: Depending on the location and size of the coloboma, symptoms can range from mild vision impairment to significant vision loss. A coloboma affecting the retina or optic nerve can cause more severe visual problems, while an iris coloboma may cause light sensitivity but less impact on overall vision.
• Treatment: There is no cure for coloboma, but treatment focuses on managing symptoms and improving vision. Prescription glasses or contact lenses can help with refractive errors, while light sensitivity may be managed with sunglasses or tinted lenses. In severe cases, surgical interventions may be considered, especially if the coloboma affects other parts of the eye, like the lens or retina.