Corneal dystrophy is a group of genetic eye disorders that cause cloudy vision due to abnormal material building up in the cornea—the clear, outer layer of the eye. This buildup can affect one or more layers of the cornea and typically worsens over time. It is often bilateral, meaning it impacts both eyes, and can progress slowly without any external cause such as injury or infection.
Most corneal dystrophies are inherited, passed down from one or both parents through specific gene mutations. These genetic changes lead to the gradual accumulation of foreign materials in the cornea. Unlike infections or trauma-induced eye issues, corneal dystrophy isn’t caused by external factors. It can affect individuals even if they have no prior eye injuries or underlying health conditions.
There are over 20 recognized types of corneal dystrophy, classified by the specific corneal layer they affect. Common types include Fuchs’ endothelial dystrophy, which affects the inner layer of the cornea, and lattice dystrophy, which involves abnormal protein deposits. Each type progresses at different rates and may require different treatment approaches depending on the severity and symptoms.
Symptoms vary based on the type and severity but may include blurred vision, eye discomfort, sensitivity to light, and recurring corneal erosions. Some individuals experience no symptoms in the early stages, while others may notice a gradual loss of vision or a feeling of grit in the eye. Over time, symptoms can intensify and interfere with daily activities.
Diagnosis involves a comprehensive eye exam by an ophthalmologist. Tools such as slit-lamp microscopy, corneal topography, or genetic testing may be used to identify the type and severity of dystrophy. Early detection is key, especially for inherited forms, to monitor changes and manage symptoms effectively before they significantly impact vision.
Treatment depends on the type and stage of the condition. Mild cases may only require lubricating eye drops or ointments. More advanced cases involving severe vision impairment might need procedures like corneal debridement or even a corneal transplant. In some forms, medications to reduce swelling or discomfort may also be recommended.
You should consult an eye specialist if you notice persistent blurred vision, recurring eye pain, increased sensitivity to light, or a sensation of something in your eye. Early intervention can help slow the progression of corneal dystrophy and reduce the risk of long-term vision impairment or complications.
While you can't prevent inherited corneal dystrophy, regular eye exams can help monitor changes and start treatment early. Avoiding eye trauma, using prescribed eye drops, and following your doctor’s advice can help manage symptoms and maintain eye health. In some cases, genetic counseling may be helpful for families with a history of the condition.
