A corneal ulcer is an open sore on the cornea—the clear, dome-shaped surface that covers the front of the eye. It typically results from an infection, often due to bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Corneal ulcers are serious eye conditions that can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent permanent damage to the eye.
Corneal ulcers are primarily caused by infections, especially in contact lens wearers. Bacterial infections are common, but fungi, viruses (like herpes simplex), and parasites can also be culprits. Non-infectious causes include eye injuries, dry eyes, or conditions like Bell’s palsy that reduce blinking. Improper lens hygiene, using expired eye drops, and eye trauma significantly increase the risk of developing a corneal ulcer.
Common symptoms of a corneal ulcer include redness, eye pain, blurred vision, excessive tearing, and sensitivity to light. Many people also experience a sensation like something is in their eye. As the ulcer progresses, a white or gray spot may be visible on the cornea. These symptoms can develop quickly, especially if the ulcer is caused by an aggressive bacterial infection.
Eye doctors diagnose corneal ulcers through a thorough eye examination, including the use of fluorescein dye to highlight the ulcer. A slit-lamp microscope helps examine the cornea in detail. In some cases, samples may be taken from the eye to identify the specific cause of the infection. Quick and accurate diagnosis is vital for effective treatment and to prevent vision complications.
Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Bacterial ulcers are typically treated with antibiotic eye drops, while antiviral or antifungal drops are used for other infections. Severe cases might require steroid drops or even surgery, such as a corneal transplant. Pain relief and eye protection are also important during recovery. Follow-up visits ensure that the ulcer is healing properly.
If left untreated, corneal ulcers can lead to serious complications including corneal scarring, perforation, vision loss, or even loss of the eye. The infection can spread quickly, causing irreversible damage. Prompt medical care can prevent these risks and protect your vision. Even minor symptoms should not be ignored, as ulcers can progress rapidly.
Seek medical attention immediately if you experience sudden eye pain, redness, blurry vision, or light sensitivity—especially if you wear contact lenses. A white spot on the cornea or discharge from the eye are also warning signs. Early intervention is key to preventing vision damage and speeding up recovery from a corneal ulcer.
Prevention involves maintaining good eye hygiene, especially for contact lens users. Always wash hands before handling lenses, avoid overnight wear, and use proper lens cleaning solutions. Protective eyewear should be worn during sports or activities that pose a risk to the eyes. Managing dry eyes or eyelid conditions can also reduce the risk of ulcers developing.
